The growing importance of business ethics

The growing importance of business ethics This essay discusses the growing importance of business ethics in todays business world. It identifies and analyses the dilemma the multinational corporations are facing and the standards and principles they need to apply when facing these situations. It also identifies how a companys code of conduct can help it to achieve its ethical standards in its global market and create an image of a responsible company providing fair working environment and high ethical standards. In addition, It critically discusses the role and responsbilities that how an MNC can encourage ethical business practice in todays complicated and competitive business environment. The business world is becoming a global village. Various countries markets are becoming available to foreign investors and companies, this allows companies to go across the international borders to do business. It also results in greater competition and opportunities. Many companies become multinational corporations in this process. Multinational corporations are active and important players in todays international business. MNC refers to firms that have extensive and intensive involvement in global market, it also refers to firms that engage in foreign direct investment and own or control resources and activities in more than one country MNC generally coordinate their activities from a central headquarters, but may also allow their affiliates or subsidiaries in foreign markets considerable latitude in adjusting their operations to local circumstances. Businessmen nowadays are not merely satisfied with their home countrys markets and will go overseas to gain a market share in its global business. This leads to globalisation. Globalisation is defined as the expansion and deepening of ties across national borders, has gained ground in all aspects of the business environment. (Morrison, J 2006, p448) It enables individuals, corporations and organisations to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper and cheaper than ever before. It is the product of a particular form of governance rooted in the domestic political economies of the early industrialisers. (Prakash, A Hart, J 2000, p32) Some people argue that globalisation enables firms from developed countries to increase unemployment rate from their home countries by transferring job opportunities to a foreign country with low labour cost and serious environmental protection issue. According to the law of comparative advantage, the citizens of each nation can gain by spending more of their time and resources doing those things where they have a relative advantage. (Carbaugh, R, 2007, p14) Success in international trade comes from the interaction of four country-and firm-specific elements. Porters national competitive advantage Porters Diamond Factors conditions Includes not only land, labour, capital factors, also include factors such as educational level of workforces and infrastructure of a county Demand conditions A large and complicated domestic consumer demand would enable the country and companies to compete more effective and more competitively advantaged with other countries. -Related and supporting industries This includes industries supporting the main industry of the country. For instance, Swedens strong paper industry enables its country to have a strong truck manufacturing industry such as Scania. -Firm strategy, structure, rivalry This factor recognises the positive aspect of competition. Thus government might establish an environment that fosters such factors. The problem of international resource allocation, determinants of the pattern of world trade, and gains from trade, all relate to trade, profits and benefits. (Meier, G 1998, p417) However, when a MNC explores its foreign markets, there are cultural and ethical barriers. A MNC will have to encounter a variety of business practices, moral behaviour, ethical standards and cultures which are quite different from their home country. . The main dilemma is MNC are required to use more than their corporate code of conduct, they are also encouraged to apply a higher standard level of ethical business practice. Ethics are defined as the process of distinguishing the right and good from the wrong and bad, and they imply a moral duty to pursue the good and the right. Business ethics is the good or bad behaviour companies carry on in their business. It shows that business should act responsible rather than just seeking profit and economic gains. It forces the companies to adapt themselves in a more ethical and morally correct behaviour and enable companies not only consider profits also have to take the whole society into consideration such as environmental issue. A companys code of conduct sets out what a company can do and what a company cannot do. It establishes a level of business ethics when it operates both in host and home country. A MNCs ethical behaviour should be consistent in its global market. MNC should apply laws and ethical standards at home country and foreign markets where they operate. It should be followed consistently anywhere the MNC has its international business. A universal business ethics standard should be enforced for a MNC to the all the counties where it operates. Its ethical values and integrity should not be changed or damaged to pursue an economical gain or profit. The most important thing is that right ethical vales must be applied in anywhere in the world where the corporate operates its business no matter where it is. A good corporate code of conduct should have the following characteristics: a uniform standard of ethics in its global market set it as high and as practical as possible apply the code of conduct strictly and consistently employees should be fully aware of the code A strong code of conduct would assist a company to gain respect and support from its customers, local authorities even its competitors. To achieve success in todays competitive environment, a MNC should adopt a global standards and a common set of values which it can apply to everywhere it operates business. Besides establishing an ethical culture of a company, a good conduct code will also help the company to create an image of responsible and fairness in its global market. Moral principles might become a minor issue when a company explores its opportunities in a country where laws are not strong enforced and a fragile legal system exists. MNC might adopt a lower standard of moral behaviour in foreign countries where laws are not restrictive as in their home countries. The questions for MNC might be: Are we still going to stick into our principles? Are we going to accept and adapt ourselves to principles and standards that are lower than ours? A recent case is that Levi Jeans. It exited Chinas jean market a few years ago because of its notorious human rights records. The violation of human rights in China makes Levi in a dilemma whether it continues to operate in China or not. However, its global high standard of business ethics make it exited this major market because they cannot lower their moral standards so as to gain pure economic profits in China. In the world of business ethics today, the impact of ethical standards on MNC activities is becoming more and more important. As business ethics becomes more integrated into activities, we must pay attention to the risk of applying ethical standards from the home country to host country where MNC operates. For example, should an American company apply the same ethical behaviour and standard to a developing country such as Thailand? MNC also have to consider how to respect the local culture and apply to the ethical standards of the host country. An important problem for corporations is how to define ethical and unethical behaviour in a variety of countries. In todays world, the behaviour seems difficult to define and distinguish. If MNC apply correct behaviour, it would increase its image and reputation of good corporate governance, otherwise they will damage their reputations in its global market. As differences in the nature, methods, and scope of regulation highlight variations in models of economic organization, these can tighten trade tensions (Pollack, M Shaffer, G 2001p179) The more MNC interacts in a foreign market and country, the more they are going to testify whether their own values and moral judgment are right and absolute since the standards varies from one country to another. However, MNC should be aware that cultural differences and local traditions can be so different that they are contrary to MNC standard in their home country to a large extent. An MNC is usually expected to find itself unprepared in dealing with ethical behaviour in a foreign country. Even if the problems are the same in a foreign country, the ways to solve it might be different. A typical example here is gift-giving. In many countries and cultures, gift giving is allowed and tolerated. For example, in Japan, give giving is not unethical and often encouraged. It represents a kind of relationship between business and business or business and governments. This is quite different from the perspective of western society or ethical standards. This clearly illustrates the importance of nature of differences between different counties and cultures when evaluating different practices, while MNC have to consider whether it complies with its global ethical standards and principles. The main ethical dilemma here is what kind of ethical behaviour should MNC adopts when values conflict with another. Should a company invest in a country where weak labour laws exist or environmental issues are not considered seriously? Or should a company invest in a country where bribery is a common practice? Business ethics can help employees to be prevented from exploitation by profit seeking companies. It is quite clear that some activities are unethical and would not be tolerated no matter where it happens. For instance, forced labour should not be allowed in anywhere in the world. A recent case is that in Thailand, almost 200 people were killed in an international toy manufacturing factory. The cause of the deaths not only pointed to the ineffective sprinkler system, it also because the management level the facotory locked employee in the factory and eventually caused 200 deaths. This kind of behaviour should not be allowed and tolerated in any ethical standards and norms. Responsibilities of MNS to encourage ethical business practice Bribery issue There are two kinds of corruptions: State Capture Individuals, organizations, corporations exercise their power to influence the formation of regulations and policies to benefit themselves to some extent, usually achieved by bribing government officials Administrative corruption Government official use their power and influence to force companies, individuals, groups to pay certain fees by distorting laws and regulations. MNC will often encounter different practices, standards of business behaviour and cultures. They might face the situation that whether to bride a local government official in order to obtain a business contract or deal. A major and common problem in todays international business is how MNC can deal with bribery. In theory, there is no any country on this planet would allow businessmen to bribe government officials and officials are not allowed to take bribe offered by a businessman. However, in practice, this happens quite often. Corruption is a mutual mechanism. Corruption will never happen without demand and supply. Many MNC said that they would not accept and tolerate any kind of bribery. They would prefer not to compete for the business contracts if bribery has to be taken in the whole process. In many developing and less developed countries (LDC), a main problem is that the rising of corruption and bribery in local governmental bodies is leading to both politital and social instability. This problem is more prevalent and serious in these developing or less developed countries law enforcements are not so strong or undeveloped. Child labour issue Another main unethical practice facing MNC is the use of child labour. The labour market difficulties in developed countries are important and deserve full consideration (Michie, J 2003, p194) In most developed countries, use of child labour morally not allowed and more importantly it is prohibited by legislation. Hence, MNC operates in developing and LDC countries are expected to apply the same standards and rules. However in some countries in the world, use of child labour are often allowed and sometimes encouraged. Children are often expected to help their parents to sustain financial problem. This has been a culture or tradition in those countries. This is mainly because of the poor education provided by the local government and insufficient funds to help those children to be well educated. In this instance, children would not be able to survive if they do not work. MNC have to face these situations when they operate in these countries. In these countries, child labour is encouraged to have economical gains. Further, because these societies often do not have the finance, facilities and manpower to provide necessary and appropriate education, children would not be able to survive if they do not work. In Europe, it is concerned with the upheaval caused by globalisation. It must determine how best to use education and training to commit European countries to a process of job creation, whilst ta king control of the globalisation and economy. (Prakash, A Hart, J 2000 p90) However, for MNC, they should not employ children without assessing the consequences. A detailed analysis should be conducted by MNC to assess whether children are suitable to conduct work for them. In addition, they should also provide a fair and safe working environment for those children. Another effective way is to work and cooperate with the local government to provide necessary education and ensure children have necessary education and training before they can start in the workforce. Conclusion: Multinational corporations have become an important and active role in todays globalisation. They have strong power and influences on a foreign countrys policies, regulations even legal issues. The way how they perform in a foreign market has become quite important for both the home country and host country it operates. The moral and ethical standards and principles MNC applies overseas should be consistent with those standards in their home countries. They have a strong responsibility to encourage, promote and apply a globally consistent ethical standards and principles.

Davos: the World Economic Forum Essay

Davos is a town located on the Landwasser River, in the Swiss Alps, between the Plessur and Albula Range in Switzerland. At 1,560 meters, it is the highest city in Europe. From the middle of the 18th century, Davos became a popular destination for the ailing because the climate in the high valley was proved excellent by doctors and recommended for lung disease patients. Arthur Conan Doyle wrote an article about skiing in Davos in 1899. In the early 90s, Davos became famous worldwide for hosting the World Economic Forum (WEF), an annual meeting of global political and business elites (often referred to simply as Davos) and the home of one of Switzerland’s biggest ski resorts. Organization is defined as â€Å"an independent international organization committed to improving the state of the world by engaging business, political, academic and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas. (World Economic Forum, 2012) These meetings bring together CEOs from the 1000 member companies as well as selected politicians, representatives from academia, NGOs, religious leaders and the media. Around 2200 participants gather for the five-day event and attend some 220 sessions. The discussions focus around key issues of global concern (such as international conflicts, poverty and environmental problems) and possible solutions. In all about 500 journalists from online, print, radio and TV take part, and are furnished with access to all of the sessions, some of which are also webcast. (Davos, 2011) The organization also convenes some six to eight regional meetings each year in locations such as Latin America and East Asia, as well as two further annual meetings in China and the United Arab Emirates. Beside meetings, the foundation produces a series of research reports and engages its members in sector specific initiatives. The Forum was founded in 1971 by Klaus Schwab, a German-born business professor at the University of Geneva, who is currently an Executive Chairman of WEF. Originally named the â€Å"European Management Forum†, it changed its name to the World Economic Forum in 1987 and sought to broaden its vision further to include providing a platform for resolving international conflicts. (Davos, 2012) In the summer of 1971, Schwab invited 444 executives from Western European firms to the first European Management Symposium held in the Davos Congress Centre under the patronage of the European Commission and European industrial associations, where Schwab sought to introduce European firms to American management practices. He then founded the WEF as a non-profit organization based in Geneva and drew European business leaders to Davos for the annual meetings each January. (Davos, 2012)

Finding the Best Sat Essay Writing Test Samples Two Approaches

Finding the Best Sat Essay Writing Test Samples Two Approaches Some questions will need you to examine a graph. You're able to get explanations for any questions which you get wrong. To really improve at the test, you will need to understand the grammar behind the appropriate answers and the erroneous ones. In here you'll see examples on various subjects in some specific formatting styles and of distinct kinds of essays. Sat Essay Writing Test Samples Two Approaches - What Is It? Within this section you will locate teachers' expectations from students at every level and will get to know peculiarities of them all. Whenever you have the last score that you're pleased with, after that you can send only that score to all of your schools. Below tests can help you improve your English writing skills. You will have to use precise language to demonstrate mastery of English writing. Everything should lead back to the most important point in some manner. You've got ample time to m ake certain you comprehend the passage, and it's important you do so in order to acquire the maximum reading category score possible. So that you will have some source material to work with for your practice session, take a couple of minutes to do a little bit of quick, informal research through internet searches to obtain a notion of a few points on either side of the problem. As a way to make a high reading score, in addition, it is imperative that you compose a considerable amount. Every college campus in Texas delivers prospective students an opportunity to take a complimentary TSI practice test, which indicates how well a student is probably going to score on the comprehensive exam. The resume should contain only what a particular school will want to understand, as stated by The College Board. Learning how to consistently compose a perfect SAT essay is going to be a massive boost to your application to such schools. Students should find out more about the colleges and un iversities where they are considering applying to determine which schools require an SAT writing score. Things You Should Know About Sat Essay Writing Test Samples Two Approaches Below is a good example of the way the SAT might test transitions. For instance, you will get up to 40 minutes to compose your IELTS essay. Your essay rating will appear on every score report you send to colleges, irrespective of whether the school demands an essay. Their two scores in every single category is combine to provide you with a complete score out of 8. Provided that you know the fundamental steps of essay writing, you ought to be well-equipped to deal with any essay topic. Although essay questions can repeat, it's hard to predict the precise topic you might have to to write about. Obviously, you've got to use academic words in your essay. Take into consideration the subject generally. There are distinct methods of structuring several types of essays. Determining the sort of essay is the very first step to writing a targeted essay. If you are getting ready for a test, you should attempt to find as many sample topics as feasible begin writing essays on such topics. You've got an extremely good possibility of raising your score, which will significantly boost your odds of getting in. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you find yourself getting a great grade. Since you might guess, he's not having a great moment. Even if you're not preparing for a standardized test you will nonetheless find decent writing skills extremely beneficial. If you must perform essay assignment and wish to do it at top-notch level, Essay-Writing-Tips. You are going to want to do as a number of these essay practice sessions as possible, but before you start on the following session, you will need to assess your essay. 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Physician Assisted Suicide And Voluntary Euthanasia,...

Physician Assisted Suicide and Voluntary Euthanasia, Legitimacy and Legality Isaac Roer Saginaw Valley State University Abstract This paper discusses why the U.S. should implement the availability of physician assisted suicide/death and voluntary euthanasia. It discusses countries that have this legally, how they do not abuse the fact, and the percentages of both physicians and patients that are affiliated with PAS/VE. It continues with the legal moral issues it has within the United States. It also touches on the majority of the opposing viewpoints and why they have no merit in stopping the allowance of PAS/VE in the states. The paper also discusses why PAS/VE are often requested by many patients that have debilitating diseases or syndromes. Physician Assisted Suicide and Voluntary Euthanasia, Legitimacy and Legality Introduction The medical field has an expensive and controversial task with many of its long term patients. When someone is on their death bed, what can and should we do? As of now in the United States, we have our medical staff treat them well, give the patient a fluffy pillow and a morphine drip. This keeps them as happy as they can be and fills up a bed and hours of medical staff s time. But in many other counties there has been a different answer that seems to benefit both sides. Physician assisted suicide or voluntary euthanasia, which is as it sounds, the patient’s choice to end any suffering, and save the medical bills for anyoneShow MoreRelatedThe Euthanasia Debate Essay1290 Words   |  6 Pagesat the thought of suicide, but is euthanasia the same thing? Do human beings have the right to choose death? â€Å"Americans have developed a paradoxical relationship with death-we know more about the causes and conditions surrounding death, but we have not equipped ourselves emoti onally to cope with dying and death (Bender and B. Leone).† Death is a scary subject for all humans. And death caused by oneself, or suicide, is even scarier. Suicide on a medical terms, or euthanasia, confuses many peopleRead MoreEssay about Euthanasia Should Be Legal3711 Words   |  15 PagesEuthanasia is a controversial issue. Many different opinions have been formed. From doctors and nurses to family members dealing with loved ones in the hospital, all of them have different ideas for the way they wish to die. However, there are many different issues affecting the legislation and beliefs of legalizing euthanasia. Taking the following aspects into mind, many may get a different understanding as to why legalization of euthanasia is necessary. Some of these include: misunderstanding of

Business Management Improves the Efficiency of an...

Management approaches and practices are core to the concept of business management due to the insight it offers on various aspects of improving the efficiency of organizations. There have been a lot of researchers that have devoted a great deal of time to the study of these practices and approaches. Two very famous amongst these contributors are Fred W. Taylor and Henry Ford. Taylor had advocated that the task and priority of factory management was to determine the most efficient way for a worker to do his job, to provide all the necessary equipment and training to complete the job and to make sure that the task at hand is done achieving optimal efficiency by providing workers with incentives. He broke down each job into its individual motions, analyzed the importance of each and then timed the workers with a stopwatch. He then eliminated unnecessary motion and asked the workers to perform machine-like routine, which increased the efficiency. On the other hand Fordism was a specific stage of economic development in the 20th century. The term gained popularity as it was recognized by firstly, the system of mass production that was pioneered in the early 20th century by the Ford Motor Company and secondly, the typical postwar mode of economic growth and its associated political and social order that advanced capitalism. In this essay we will critically discuss and analyze the impact of Taylorism and Fordism on contemporary management approaches and practices. As an engineer,Show MoreRelatedCase Study Report : Air Products And Chemicals Inc1706 Words   |  7 Pages COIT20252 BUSNIESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT Case Study Report - Air Products and Chemicals Inc. SUBMIT BY: SUBMIT TO: Mukul Kaushal (S0274499) Tutor-Chandana Watagodakumbura Venkata Ramana Pendem (12031520) Course Coordinator-Ritesh Chugh Manish ChowdaryRead MoreSupply Of Supply Chain Management830 Words   |  4 PagesChain Management Goal of a supply chain. According to Defining the Supply Chain, there are 5 specific goals of supply chain management. They are as follows: 1. Achieve Efficient Fulfillment – â€Å"the purpose of supply chain management is to make inventory readily available in customer facing positions to fulfill demand. The fresh produce business adage â€Å"you can’t sell from an empty wagon† highlights this fundamental purpose of supply chain management†. (Defining the Supply Chain) Organizations mustRead MoreCreativity and Innovation Worksheet1159 Words   |  5 PagesConcepts of Creativity and Innovation Worksheet Concept Application of Concept in Scenario Citation of Concept in Reading Personal Experience in your Organization Three types of innovation: Incremental, Semi-Radical, And Radical. â€Å"Incremental innovation leads to small improvements to existing products and business processes†¦ Radical innovation results in new products or services delivered in entirely new ways.† In the past five years Best Snacks has instituted incremental innovations that haveRead MoreAccentures Strategy And Analytical Capabilities1593 Words   |  7 Pagesarrangements, and enterprise support, the platform is a flexible Analytics-as-a-Service solution designed to help a range of business users, from the C-suite to data scientists, make data-driven decisions that can solve business issues and create new opportunities. The Accenture Insights Platform can increase an organization’s speed to insight, decision-making and business outcomes. The platform has a preconfigured, industrialized end-to-end architecture that typically can be provisioned within 24Read MoreWhy Is A Management Analyst?1377 Words   |  6 PagesMy topic is how to become a management analyst. First your question will probably be what is a management analyst? A management analyst or sometimes called management consultants propose ways to improve a business’s efficiency. They advise managers on how to make their companies better. Their salary is averaged at 37.79 hourly or 78,600 a year. They require a bachelor’s in entry level education. My topic is important because many people think that it is difficult to get a job with a bachelor’s degreeRead MoreEfficency Ad Effectiveness1074 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Management has been defined as a process of getting things done with the aim of achieving goals effectively and efficiently. 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His notes Free Essays

Over the last several years I have been working on and off award an additional degree in Education. I am currently working for the El Paso Independent School District as a classroom instructor, as well as a curriculum writer in US History. I look forward to having you in class. We will write a custom essay sample on His notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Course Description This course provides an overview of the principal cultural, political, and economic developments that shaped Western civilization from prehistory to the Middle Ages. It presents a framework for understanding current social experience by applying historical perspectives to contemporary issues. After the course, students will be able o use historical knowledge to solve contemporary issues. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies overriding your current class modality. Course Materials The West: Encounters and Transformations, Combined Volume, e ISBN: 9780205947157 Author: nana Elevate Copyright Pearson Education, Inc. (2014) All electronic materials are available on the student website Week One: Prehistory and the Ancient World Details Due Points Objectives 1. 1 Explain the significance of the transition from the Paleolithic era to the Neolithic era. 1. 2 Compare the cultural, political, and economic developments of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Readings Read Chi. 1 The West: Encounters and Transformations, Combined Volume, e Read Unhistorical: Issue of the Day: From Hunter-gatherers to Food-producers – Overcoming Obstacles Read Unhistorical: Issue of the Day: Geography and Civilization: Egypt and Mesopotamia – Impact of Agriculture? Attendance Participation Attendance Participate in class discussion. 8/06 2 Talking Respond to weekly discussion questions. Choose 2 questions to answer and post each week by pm. Week 1 Talking Points What is an important discovery from prehistory? Why is it important? What are the differences between the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras? What is important about the development of human history when we consider the preferences between these two eras? How were the worldviews of the Mesopotamia and Egyptians similar? How were they different? What factors have influenced the way each of these cultures developed their worldviews? What kind of evidence do we have in order to comprehend prehistory and the ancient civilizations? Does the evidence offer a clear picture of these time periods? Why or why not? Which era of Egyptian history was the most successful? Why? Individual Prehistory and the Ancient Civilizations Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you explain the significance of the ruinations of humankind from a hunter-gatherer society to a food-producing society. Include the following: A description of the Paleolithic era Events that transformed society from the Paleolithic era to the Neolithic era A description of Neolithic era An explanation of how the transition from Paleolithic to Neolithic was significant in the development of Mesopotamia and Egypt Format your paper consistent with PAP guidelines. Galoshes (before 2000 BCC)-?Earliest known fully-developed literary character )d First written language on cuneiform clay tablets )e Elaborate art work, mosaics (Standard of Our) )f First systematic polytheistic religion 01 Sights: goddess of love, fertility, and wars 02 Elaborate temple rituals in auguries 03 Religion in Sumerian Oh Sacred literature b Influence on Hebrew Bible )g Babylon under reign of Hamburg (1792-1750 BCC) – powerful cultural and political center 01 Code of Hamburg Oh Collection of laws b Earliest evidence of legal system Co Guarantees protection of slaves, women, and children Odd Governs complex Babylonian commerce system Oh Principle of Justice is retribution 02 Advancements in mathematics and astronomy 03 Jargon, king of Kodak – Most important figure in Mesopotamia history )2 Political and economic developments of Mesopotamia )a Several dynasties develop concept of monarchy )b Assyria (northern district of Sumerian)-?kings are chief priests )c Babylonian-?kings and priests have separate offices )d In later stages, influx and intermingling of various cultures, such as Hitters and Assyrian )e Expansion into Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, Palestine, and Egypt under How to cite His notes, Papers

Backmasking Rock Music and Messages free essay sample

Backpacking: Ben. When the devil and the media Are you aware of the music nowadays? How does the band affect the lives of young people today? Well, different bands and songs had already flourished in the world. They had grown into new ideas and captured the hearts of the people, especially the teenagers. They sometimes play songs for dancing, singing, recreation or listening. People use them to express feelings and ideas and also a way for them to relax. It is an unavoidable element in everyones life.It has always been a part of every culture, big or small. Music is often a ajar part of a teenagers separate world. Most of the young people enjoy listening songs without even recognizing its lyrics as long as they were pleased with its catchy tunes. Music is not usually a danger for teenagers, unless they are not preoccupied with music that has seriously destructive themes like taking alcohol, presenting suicide or getting abused with drugs. It is easy for us to check on songs that contain good and clean messages by just analyzing its lyrics.However, for many years, there have been rumors that certain songs, speeches, and ads contain hidden messages that can only be eared when played backwards. Some people believed that most of the bands corrupt young people by burying subliminal messages in music. This process is known as backpacking and there is much debate about its existence. Backpacking is a way of reversing an audio that is meant to be played forwards. When the music is played normally, one hears a passage that sounds like gibberish, uncleanly word-like, as if it is in another language. However, when it is played backwards, sometimes clear understandable phrase or sentence is heard wherein the original message was revealed. They an reel-to-reel tape recorders backwards, but then, digital audio recording has greatly simplified the process. It had first appeared in the late sass as a result of an accidental tape mixing error by John Lennox in the Beetles song Rain. He realized his mistake, but he continued doing it in. A verbal message is recorded, reversed in direction, and placed on a recorded track. The Beetles used tapes played backward for musical effects in some of their recordings.One thing is when they theoretically put in backward or subliminal messages announcing Paul Ancestrys death when he was much alive and was clearly intentional. Another thing is when Jimmy Page, the guitarist, is said to have inserted the backward message heres to my sweet Satan into his Stairway to Heaven song that seemed to be unintentional for many people. Since then, backpacking has been used all throughout the past four or five decades. It has been used to display the thoughts of the artists for comedy, censorship, and sometimes just by accident.Today, reversing audio is a popular way to censor explicit words on radios. This technique is often used for aesthetics in order to develop or enhance the message of a song. Stanley Cubic said that When youre composing songs, youre always looking for new ideas, new sounds. One example of this was when the band of Stone Roses had used this technique on their songs, including Dont Stop, Guerrilla, and Simons, which in reverse added new vocals. Through this process, sounds or instrumental audio produce interesting and attractive sound effects.Sometimes, it results to a reverse echo that artists found appealing. This also plays an important role on concerts wherein guitar parts were played live on stage using a backward emulator. Another use of back- masking is for humorous messages. They used this technique to entertain the listeners by hiding its comedic messages through back-masking. One example of this was when Pink Floyd made a back-masked message in his song Empty Spaces that resulted to a message Congratulations. You have just discovered the secret message. Please send your answer to Old Pink, care of the Funny Farm, Cachalot The message turned out into a ridiculous stuff which amazed the listeners. Back-masking has also been used to censor words or phrases for clean releases of songs. For example, the word sit is resulted into a word sis when back masked. In a result of this, sis became an alternative word for sit. Through this system, songs would be acceptable in public though in behind of it is a bad message. This was a common process for some of the recording radios, which would prevent them from prohibiting in releasing songs and so that people would feel safe to listen with their songs.Another use of back-masking is for satanic purposes. This was a common controversy engaged in rock songs and heavy- metal bands. Some of the satanic messages that Robert Radish collected were Its fun to smoke marijuana, l am Satan, Serve the beast for money, l eve Satan, Satan knows I love Him and the most famous, Glory, glory to my sweet Satan, there was a little child born, it makes me sad, whose power is Satan from Led Zeppelins Stairway to Heaven.One of the cases happened regarding this issue was when the heavy rock band of Judas Priest was taken to the court when two of their fans committed suicide after listening to their song. But then, the judge came with a decision that it was impossible to conclu de that listening to music would cause fans to kill themselves. There was no such good evidence shown that music had such a power to influence ND attract others with a tendency to obtain suicide. And now, satanic back- masking is still an issue if it was done intentionally or unintentionally.Different accusations have sprouted regarding this issue. One of those was made by various Christian groups who have declared that Satan uses back masked messages to reign on peoples life without letting them knowing it. Some of the fund mental preachers supported that Satan was speaking to teenagers through subliminal messages hidden in rock music. Teenagers are unaware Of this, so they keep rocking on with different songs. Some Christian besides have claimed that back-masking is widely used for satanic purposes. One of the statements mentioned on their websites was written by BRB. Joe in End Time Links. It says that The Devil, being acutely aware of this fact, is using Rock music to transmit messages which keep people in bondage to him. Some Rock groups have become open mediums for the Devil and therefore subconsciously receive satanic inspiration for their lyrics and music. Another support written in the article of Knowledge of Islam was that The listener may be unaware that their subconscious mind can pick up and understand the messages. . N the long term these can be stored in the subconscious mind and may actually affect the persons behavior or judgment. In many ways back tracking is a form of hypnotism or brain washing and has the power to be very destructive. had also red an article from the book of Ravaged by the New Age: Satins plan to destroy our kids which states that He thoroughly documents the dangerous, secret messages in kids shows, cartoons, movies, comic books, fantasy games, toys and even coloring books.Youll also discover the demonic designs behind Rock and Roll and the hidden, subliminal messages in Satins New Age mood music. Thirty teenagers in Huntsville, NC, had a record-burning at their church who believed that Satan Was possessing the singers and manipulating their voices So that subliminally implanted backward messages could be placed on the record to destroy the youth of America. They believe that Satan himself is inserting back-masked messages while the recording company and band are unaware of this. Not only worldly songs are being back-masked but also Christian songs.An example of this was a song entitled W ho Am l which in its normal lyrics states that Lord, You catch me when Im falling and in reverse Oh ether we thank You. Another example was a song Jesus Christ which states that Holy, holy is the Lord God Almighty and in reverse Yeah, my God loves you. A lot of religious groups believe that Satan was using musicians as his demonic pawns. The innocent musicians were Satins worshipers who persistently planted the messages into the songs. They began putting more subliminal messages into their songs on purpose.Besides of the accusations made by various Christian groups, skeptic rumors also flourished and had supported by different people. Some people believed that those back-masked sages were unintentional and made only by wrong perception of a pattern. John Evoke and J. Don Read concluded that if back-masking do really exist, it is still ineffective. People had difficulty in figuring back-masked phrases. We were unable to determine whether the messages are religious or satanic. This was because we were not exposed with the back-masked phrases. Psychology Professor Mark D.Allen says that delivering subliminal messages via backward masking is totally and ridiculously impossible. They believed that songwriter cannot write lyrics that scan forward and backwards ND the brain cannot comprehend backward messages. Figuring out Satanic messages was caused by the observer-expectancy effect. The Skeptics dictionary states that you probably wont hear back-masked messages until somebody first points them out to you. Perception is influenced by expectation and expectation is affected by what others prime you for. In 1984, S. B. Throne and P.Weinstein said that when vague and unfamiliar stimuli are presented, test subjects are highly likely to accept suggestions, particularly when the suggestions are presented by someone with prestige and authority. What they are trying to say is that our brain needs to look for recognizable or familiar patterns in order to understand back-masked messages. There are certain meaning for each patterns formed on various songs. And these patterns were used to identify the hidden messages. Messages such as My sweet Satan or Kill yourself, its fun to smoke marijuana, or sleep with me, Im not too young were due to patterns formed.Of course, you probably cant determine these messages unless expectation and expectation is affected by what others prime you for. Since most of the people are unaware of listening to their music backward, there ere two controversial concepts that have been made. Either jumbled words, whose meaning is grasped, influenced the brain subliminally or it is the brain who translates clear messages into reverse phrase. In either case, the unconscious mind evidently then directs the conscious mind to believe on bad things or do bad deeds. But there is no evidence that such mechanisms exist.